A longstanding basic question in biology relates to how life satisfies the fundamental constraints put on it by physics and chemistry. Darwin's warm pond hypothesis for the origin of primordial cells ...

In order to understand currents, tides and other ocean dynamics, scientists need to accurately capture sea surface height, or a snapshot of the ocean's surface, including peaks and valleys due to ...

The process of protein evolution is balanced between Darwinian selection for functionally advantageous mutations and neutral evolution, in which acceptance of amino acid substitution is constrained by ...